All evidence points to: No.
Microsoft released their first major Windows 10 update today (November 12, 2015), and some Fallout 4 users are afraid that update will break that title, which is already full of bugs.
According to Microsoft, their big update mostly tweaks select features such as Cortana (personal assistant), color customizations, Microsoft Edge (web browser) and performance improvements, while adding a few new features such as Find My Device, and Skype.
As of this writing: No one on Steam reported that update affected Fallout 4 in a negative manner, but I will be keeping a close eye on any complaints in the coming days.